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81.
利用线性分析方法,分析了濮阳近50 a平均风速、大风日数的变化特征,并利用滑动的t检验法分析了风速突变,结果显示:年平均风速以0.498(m/s)/10 a的倾向率减少,大风和扬沙日数分别以2.7 d/10 a和5.6 d/10 a的倾向率减少;平均风速,大风、扬沙日数在20世纪80年代初期发生突变。 相似文献
82.
The thermodynamic structure on top of a numerically simulated severe storm is examined to explain the satellite observed plume formation above thunderstorm anvils. The same mechanism also explains the formation of jumping cirrus observed by Fujita on board of a research aircraft. A three-dimensional, non-hydrostatic cloud model is used to perform numerical simulation of a supercell that occurred in Montana in 1981. Analysis of the model results shows that both the plume and the jumping cirrus phenomena are produced by the high instability and breaking of the gravity waves excited by the strong convection inside the storm. These mechanisms dramatically enhance the turbulent diffusion process and cause some moisture to detach from the storm cloud and jump into the stratosphere. The thermodynamic structure in terms of the potential temperature isotherms above the simulated thunderstorm is examined to reveal the instability and wave breaking structure. The plumes and jumping cirrus phenomena represent an irreversible transport mechanism of materials from the troposphere to the stratosphere that may have global climatic implications. 相似文献
83.
84.
In past 50 years, the air temperature fluctuation was raising trend in Tarim River Basin. The annual mean temperature has increased by 0.3℃ in the whole Tarim River Basin, and by 0.6℃ in the mountain areas. With global warming, the frequency of unstable and extreme climatic events increased, glaciers retreating accelerated and snow meltwater increased have resulted in the more frequency of snow-ice disasters such as glacier debrisflow and glacier flash flood etc. Since 1980s, in the process of intense climate warming, glaciers melting intensified, ice temperature rose and glaciers flows accelerated, and lead to more glacial lakes and extending water storage capacity and stronger glacial lake outburst floods occurrence. It is proposed that the monitoring and evaluating of the impact of climate change on water resources and floods should be enhanced. 相似文献
85.
近45a来,太原平川和山区年平均气温为明显上升趋势,夜间增温是太原气候变暖的一个重要特征。1986年、1993年分别为山区和平川年平均气温转折年份,山区从1985年开始冬季平均气温发生突变。近45a来,太原年降水量呈减少趋势,主要是夏、秋季降水减少造成。在气候变暖的背景下,太原平川和山区年暴雨日数变化平稳,高温和春旱发生频次在增加,山区夏旱也呈缓慢增加趋势;太原山区霜期明显缩短,初霜在推迟,终霜在提前。 相似文献
86.
Glenn E. Shaw 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1980,119(2):231-247
Layers of stratospheric aerosol with optical thicknesses as small as 10–4 cause noticeable perturbations in the monochromatic logarithmic brightness gradient,G, and the color ratio,C, of the twilight sky. Modeling of the twilight's radiant properties shows that definite single-valued relationships exist between maxima inC or minima inG and optical thickness, , physical thickness h, and mean altitude,
, of stratospheric layers. It is therefore possible to determine , h and
and monitor their variations by performing either single wavelength measurements ofG or two-wavelength spectrophotometric measurements ofC. The presence of haze in the lower troposphere and the occurrence of multiple scattering both have relatively minor influences on the recovery of the stratospheric dust properties, provided that 10<
<30 km.Formal mathematical inversions of the single-scattering twilight equations are possible in principle, but difficult in practice because of non-linearities. Inversions incorporating an iterative linearization process with constrained smoothing, successfully recovered the features of the haze layer, but tended to oversmooth the vertical profile and underestimate the mean altitude of the haze layer. 相似文献
87.
J. Röttger 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1980,118(1):494-527
Powerful VHF radars are capable of almost continuously monitoring the threedimensional velocity vector and the distribution of turbulence in the middle atmosphere, i.e. the stratosphere and mesosphere. Methods of radar investigations of the middle atmosphere are outlined and the basic parameters, mean and fluctuating velocities as well as reflectivity and persistency of atmospheric structures, are defined. Results of radar investigations are described which show that the tropopause level as well as a criterion on the stability of the lower stratosphere can be deduced. Besides mean wind velocities, VHF radars can measure instantaneous velocities due to acoustic gravity waves. The interaction of gravity waves with the background wind is discussed, and it is shown that cumulus convection is an effective source of gravity waves in the lower stratosphere. The vertical microstructure of the stratosphere, manifesting itself in thin stratified sheets in which temperature steps occur, is investigated by applying knowledge from investigations of the oceanic thermocline. Possible origins, like shear generation and lateral convection of the microstructure of the stratosphere, are discussed. Observations of gravity waves in the mesosphere are reviewed and their connection with turbulence structures is pointed out. Finally, some open questions which could be answered by further VHF radar investigations are summarized. 相似文献
88.
Height distribution of the stratospheric aerosol extinction coefficient was measured in the altitude range 10 to 20 km by a balloon-borne multi-color sunphotometer in May 1978. It is demonstrated that detailed structures of the distribution of stratospheric aerosol can be remotely measured by the solar occultation method as well as by lidar andin situ particle counter observations. In the aerosol layer appearing at 18 km altitude the extinction coefficient at 800–1000 nm wavelength reached to 3×10–7 m–1, which was reasonable compared with lidar observations. Wavelength dependence of the aerosol optical depth was crudely estimated to be proportional to
–1.5. 相似文献
89.
青藏高原及其邻近地区近30年气候变暖与海拔高度的关系 总被引:51,自引:10,他引:41
利用青藏高原及其邻近地区165个站1961~1990年月平均地面气温资料,分析了气候变暖与海拔高度的关系。结果表明:近30年青藏高原及其相邻地区的地面气候变暖与海拔高度有关,变暖的幅度一般随海拔高度升高而增大,海拔高度在500m以下,500~1500,1500~2500,2500~3500及3500m以上等不同高度范围内台站下平均的平均温度的增温率分别为0.0,0.11,0.12,0.19和0.2 相似文献
90.
Stream temperature will be subject to changes because of atmospheric warming in the future. We investigated the effects of the diurnal timing of air temperature changes – daytime warming versus nighttime warming – on stream temperature. Using the physically based model, Heat Source, we performed a sensitivity analysis of summer stream temperatures to three diurnal air temperature distributions of +4 °C mean air temperature: i) uniform increase over the whole day, ii) warmer daytime and iii) warmer nighttime. The stream temperature model was applied to a 37‐km section of the Middle Fork John Day River in northeastern Oregon, USA. The three diurnal air temperature distributions generated 7‐day average daily maximum stream temperatures increases of approximately +1.8 °C ± 0.1 °C at the downstream end of the study section. The three air temperature distributions, with the same daily mean, generated different ranges of stream temperatures, different 7‐day average daily maximum temperatures, different durations of stream temperature changes and different average daily temperatures in most parts of the reach. The stream temperature changes were out of phase with air temperature changes, and therefore in many places, the greatest daytime increase in stream temperature was caused by nighttime warming of air temperatures. Stream temperature changes tended to be more extreme and of longer duration when driven by air temperatures concentrated in either daytime or nighttime instead of uniformly distributed across the diurnal cycle. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献